Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
- Shut the door before you go out.
- You may begin when (ever) you are ready.
- While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
- By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
- No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
- They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
- The guard stood where he was positioned.
- Where there is a will, there is a way.
- Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
- Go where you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
- As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
- Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
- Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
- He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
- He did as I told him.
- You may finish it how you like.
- They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
- They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
- She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
- He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
- I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
- Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
- It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
- The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
- The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
- The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
- I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
- He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
- The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
- It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
- It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
- She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
- They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
- Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
- This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
- Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
- Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
- Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
- Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
- Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
- As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
- Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
- Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
- Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
- Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
- While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
- While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
- Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH
- While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
- While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
Contoh:
- If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
- She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
- Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
- In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
- The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
- We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information
Command and Request
Command adalah perintah sedangkan request adalah permintaan.
Command and request adalah perintah atau permintaan atau permohonan langsung untuk kata ganti orang ke dua.
Command and request Biasanya dalam bahasa kita menyuruh atau memerintah untuk berbuat sesuatu yang biasa disebut dengan kalimat Perintah/permintaan (Command and Request).
“Kata-kata” suruhan ituh ditambah dengan “lah” dan diakhiri dengan tanda seru (!) seumpama “Duduklah!” atau “Pergilah!“.
Didalam bahasa Inggris, kata “lah” itu tidak ada. Jadi kalau kita hendak menyuruh seseorang berbuat sesuatu, hanya verb saja yang diletakkan di depan kalimat maka dengan sendirinya sudah bertambah arti “lah” dalam kalimat tersebut.
Misalnya:
Come here! Artinya marilah ke sini!
Try to speak English! Artinya cobalah berbicara bahasa Inggris!
Study diligently! Artinya belajarlah dengan rajin!
Apabila kalimatnya bukan kata kerja (verb), maka pakailah “be” di depan kalimat karena be itu adalah verb. Tapi be ini tidak ada artinya/terjemahannya.
Misalnya :
Be good to her! Artinya baik-baiklah kepadanya!
Be diligent! Artinya Rajin-rajinlah!
Be careful! Artinya hati-hatilah!
* Prohibition *
Do not boleh dipendekkan jadi "don't" yang artinya "jangan" kalau dileatkkan di depan kalimat.
Example :
1.Do not come here! Artinya jangan datang kemari!
2.Don't look at it! Artinya jangan lihat itu!
3.Don't forget your lesson! Artinya jangan lupakan pelajaranmu itu!
4.Do not go there! Artinya jangan pergi ke sana!
Jadi jangan pake "good" saja atau "good good". Karena kalimat Command and Request ini tidak ada "verb"-nya, maka "be"-lah yang menjadi wakil "verb".
Example :
1.Don't be lazy! = Jangan malas!
2.Don't be stupid! = Jangan bodoh!
3.Don't be careless = Jangan lalai!
4.Don't be ashamed = Jangan malu!
Akan tetapi kalau sesudah be itu ada kata benda atau nama orang maka arti be itu adalah jadi/menjadi,
Example :
1.Be a teacher! = Jadilah guru!
2.Be a president! = Jadilah presiden!
3.Don't be a corruptor! = Jangan jadi koruptor!
4.Don't be a traitor = Jangan jadi pengkhianat!
5.Be an honest man = Jadi orang jujurlah!
Contoh command and request :
- have a sit/sit down please
- please give me a reason
- get out of my sight
- don’t be stupid
Reported Speech
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
Simple present - menjadi - Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
| Direct Speech Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Simple past Past continuous Future Present | Indirect Speech Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past Past |
Kekecualian :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
| Direct Speech this = ini these = ini come = datang here = di sini, ke sini hence = dari sini hither = ke tempat ini ago = yang lalu now = sekarang today = hari ini tomorrow = besok yesterday = kemarin last night = tadi malam next week = minggu depan thus = begini contoh : He said, “I will come here”. | Indirect Speech that = itu those = itu go = pergi there = di sana, ke sana thence = dari sana thither = ke tempat itu before = lebih dahulu then = pada waktu itu that day = hari itu next day = hari berikutnya the previous day = sehari sebelumnya the previous night = semalam sebelumnya the following week = minggu berikutnya so = begitu He said that he would go there |
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
Peraturan II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb - Reported speech
Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
| Direct He said to me, “Where are you going?” He said to me, “What are you doing?” | Indirect He asked me where I was going He inquired of me what I was doing |
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
| Direct He said to me, “Are you going away today?” He asked me , “can you come along?” | Indirect He asked me whether I was going away that day. He asked me if I could come along. |
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
- command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
- precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
- request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
- entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
- prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
a) Command :
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once
b) Precept :
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
c) Request :
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
d) Entreaty :
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
e) Prohibition :
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say
atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,
pray dsb.
a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “
Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son
Referensi :
· An Analysis of the Trade in Tropical Red Seaweeds and their Products 2000-2007.
· Laboratory Test Procedure.
· Rags to Riches.
· Greenbaum, Sidney & Quirk, Randolph. A Student's Grammar of the English Language. Hong Kong: Longman Group (FE) Ltd, 1990.
· Sinclair, John (editor-in-chief). Collins Cobuild English Grammar. London and Glasgow: William Collins Sons & Co ltd, 1990.
· http://www.1-language.com/englishcourse/unit59_grammar.htm
